Hybridization between wild boar (
Hybridization between wild species and their domesticated relatives has been detected in multiple environments across the globe (
Microsatellite marker analysis is a well-established monitoring tool to evaluate possible introgression of invasive species and hybridization detection (
Genetic diversity and ancestry of wild boar have been well studied, including areas of South East Asia, and information from hybridization occurrences with domestic pigs is of increasing interest due to possible genetic alterations (
In this study, we selected robust microsatellite markers used in European and Asian pig studies (
Thirty-one muscle tissue samples were collected from three populations (hereafter referred to as Pop1, Pop2 and Pop3) and were selected based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype and year sampled. Sample haplotype and date were prioritized for optimal determination of reliable microsatellite screening of hybridization between wild boar and domesticated pigs after the Fukushima disasters in 2011. Pop1 samples were from 10 unrelated domestic pigs (
A total of 52 unlinked microsatellite loci were selected from previously developed phage libraries (
PCR amplification was performed in 5 μL reactions using the QIAGEN Multiplex PCR Kit (QIAGEN) and a protocol for fluorescent dye-label (
Successful markers were identified after our initial screening by clear peak patterns following amplifications. Number of alleles (NA), observed heterozygosity (HO), and expected heterozygosity (HE) were calculated using GenAIEX version 6.5 (
Of the initial 52 microsatellite loci selected, 32 loci were successfully amplified with all wild boar and pig samples. Marker information is provided in
In total, 231 putative alleles were identified that ranged from 1 to 8 per locus (mean, 4), as outlined in
Locus |
Primer sequence (5' → 3') Forward/Reverse |
Repeat motif |
Range of alleles (bp) |
Ta (℃) |
Fluorescent label |
Genebank accession No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sw632 |
TGGGTTGAAAGATTTCCCAA |
(AC)21 |
115-138 |
55 |
FAM |
AF225099 |
|
GGAGTCAGTACTTTGGCTTGA |
|||||
S0090 |
CCAAGACTGCCTTGTAGGTGAATA |
(AC)24 |
227-253 |
55 |
FAM |
M95002 |
|
GCTATCAAGTATTGTACCATTAGG |
|||||
Sw24 |
CTTTGGGTGGAGTGTGTGC |
(GT)13 |
99-135 |
55 |
VIC |
AF235245 |
|
ATCCAAATGCTGCAAGCG |
|||||
Swr1941 |
AGAAAGCAATTTGATTTGCATAATC |
(TG)20 |
215-255 |
55 |
VIC |
AF253904 |
|
ACAAGGACCTACTGTATAGCACAGG |
|||||
Sw857 |
TGAGAGGTCAGTTACAGAAGACC |
(CA)22 |
165-187 |
55 |
NED |
AF225105 |
|
GATCCTCCTCCAAATCCCAT |
|||||
S0228 |
GGCATAGGCTGGCAGCAACA |
(AC)17 |
93-112 |
55 |
PET |
L29195 |
|
AGCCCACCTCATCTTATCTACACT |
|||||
Sw2008 |
CAGGCCAGAGTAGCGTGC |
(GT)25 |
148-170 |
55 |
FAM |
AF253773 |
|
CAGTCCTCCCAAAAATAACATG |
|||||
Sw240 |
AGAAATTAGTGCCTCAAATTGG |
(TG)17 |
164-186 |
55 |
VIC |
AF235246 |
|
AAACCATTAAGTCCCTAGCAAA |
|||||
S0097 |
GACCTATCTAATGTCATTATAGT |
(AC)28 |
135-155 |
55 |
NED |
M95020 |
|
TTCCTCCTAGAGTTGACAAACTT |
|||||
UMNp147 |
GCCTTCGTTACATGGCATTC |
(GT)23 |
151-167 |
58 |
PET |
AF511119 |
|
TCTCTGTGAGGTCATGGTGG |
|||||
UMNp239 |
CTTACAAAACCACCACCATCG |
(AC)18 |
96-112 |
60 |
FAM |
AF511146 |
|
TCAATATCAACATTGCGTGTTG |
|||||
UMNp296 |
CAGGGAACTCTCTTCAATATCC |
(TG)13 |
151-181 |
58 |
NED |
AF511184 |
|
ACATTTGATTTCCAAAGTTGTG |
|||||
UMNp298 |
GCTATAAGAACCGCCTCATTG |
(GT)22 |
157-169 |
58 |
NED |
AF511185 |
|
TGTGTGCTGCTGAAGCATG |
|||||
UMNp351 |
TCAGTGTCACCCCTCATCAC |
(AC)15 |
143-169 |
58 |
FAM |
AF511222 |
|
TCTCCTTGACCTTCTAAGCACC |
|||||
UMNp358 |
AAGTCATTTCACACCTCTGTGC |
(CA)22 |
160-176 |
58 |
VIC |
AF511230 |
|
CGTTGCAGTTACTATTCCAAGC |
|||||
UMNp362 |
GATGTGTAGCTGATTTGCAATG |
(AC)21 |
125-135 |
60 |
PET |
AF511231 |
|
GACAAGAATCTGAAAAGGAGCG |
|||||
UMNp381 |
CCGATTAGACCCCTAGTCTGG |
(AC)22 |
169-185 |
60 |
NED |
AF511244 |
|
CAGATTAGCGTTCCCTGTTTG |
|||||
UMNp405 |
CAGAGTTCACCTCTCCCTTTAC |
(AC)21 |
148-162 |
62 |
VIC |
AF511255 |
|
TCCTTGCTGAGTCCCAGG |
|||||
UMNp442 |
ATCCAAGCTGCTGAAGTTGG |
(TG)12 |
122-124 |
60 |
NED |
AF511283 |
|
AAACATTTCCACAAGAAAATGG |
|||||
UMNp453 |
TCATTCTCTATCTCAAGATGCATG |
(AC)17 |
122-140 |
58 |
PET |
AF511291 |
|
CTGAGGTACCTTTGCCTAGAGG |
|||||
UMNp480 |
AGTGATTTCTGCCCAGGATG |
(TG)21 |
143-155 |
58 |
VIC |
AF511308 |
|
CCTAGGAATTTCCCTCTGCC |
|||||
UMNp485 |
CCTCAGGCTCAGCTCTGC |
(TG)17 |
187-213 |
57 |
PET |
AF511313 |
|
GTTGTCCGTGAGTCCCTAGC |
|||||
UMNp489 |
AAGCACCATAGGAGAAGACTGG |
(AC)12 |
115-141 |
60 |
PET |
AF511317 |
|
CTCGGAAGCAAGTAAGTGGG |
|||||
UMNp494 |
CTGCCTGATTGGCACATTAG |
(AC)23 |
114-142 |
60 |
FAM |
AF511320 |
|
GGTAATGGGAAAGCCTAGCC |
|||||
UMNp500 |
TGAGGCTATCACCTGCAGTG |
(AG)24 |
229-251 |
60 |
FAM |
AF511324 |
|
GACTGAACCCTTAACAGATGGG |
|||||
UMNp502 |
TGGCAAACGTTGCTTTAGG |
(GT)22 |
164-172 |
60 |
VIC |
AF511325 |
|
TAGGGAAATATCTGAAATCTAAAATG |
|||||
UMNp509 |
AAACTACATCCATTCTCTTGGG |
(GT)21 |
138-164 |
60 |
FAM |
AF511328 |
|
GTTGTGCCAGTTACACTTCTGC |
|||||
UMNp511 |
GATCACTGTGTGAGTGCATGC |
(GT)14 |
107-117 |
60 |
VIC |
AF511329 |
|
AACAGAGTTCCATTTTGCGG |
|||||
UMNp539 |
CAACGTTGCTGTGGCTGTAG |
(CA)32 |
171-181 |
60 |
NED |
AF511346 |
|
TTCTGGTTTATGGTTCCCATG |
|||||
UMNp548 |
TCCAAGTTAGACTGCCTGCC |
(CA)14 |
172-180 |
60 |
NED |
AF511353 |
|
ACTGCTGCTTATTTCTCAAGGG |
|||||
UMNp610 |
CTTTGGCTCAATCTCATTCATG |
(AC)33 |
168-178 |
60 |
VIC |
AF511389 |
|
TGGGCTTTTGAAAATTTAAATG |
|||||
UMNp640 |
TATGCCATGTGCGTGGTC |
(AC)13 |
123-145 |
60 |
FAM |
AF511399 |
|
ACAAACTGCACCACAGAATAGC |
Locus |
Pop1 (n = 10) |
|
Pop2 (n = 13) |
|
Pop3 (n = 8) |
|
|||||||||
NA |
HO |
HE |
FIS |
|
NA |
HO |
HE |
FIS |
|
NA |
HO |
HE |
FIS |
|
|
Sw632 |
5 |
0.80 |
0.79 |
-0.01 |
2 |
0.38 |
0.50 |
0.23 |
3 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
-0.25 |
|||
S0090 |
6 |
0.90 |
0.77 |
-0.17 |
2 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
-0.04 |
3 |
0.43 |
0.36 |
-0.20 |
|||
Sw24 |
6 |
0.56 |
0.77 |
0.27 |
4 |
0.31 |
0.39 |
0.21 |
6 |
0.88 |
0.76 |
-0.15 |
|||
Swr1941 |
5 |
0.60 |
0.72 |
0.16 |
2 |
0.15 |
0.26 |
0.41 |
2 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
-0.08 |
|||
Sw857 |
6 |
1.00 |
0.75 |
-0.33 |
3 |
0.31 |
0.27 |
-0.14 |
3 |
0.38 |
0.32 |
-0.17 |
|||
S0228 |
5 |
0.40 |
0.59 |
0.32 |
5 |
0.77 |
0.69 |
-0.11 |
4 |
0.38 |
0.66 |
0.44 |
|||
Sw2008 |
5 |
0.90 |
0.70 |
-0.29 |
4 |
0.31 |
0.38 |
0.19 |
3 |
0.63 |
0.48 |
-0.31 |
|||
Sw240 |
6 |
0.70 |
0.77 |
0.08 |
2 |
0.31 |
0.43 |
0.28 |
3 |
0.50 |
0.55 |
0.10 |
|||
S0097 |
6 |
0.60 |
0.79 |
0.24 |
4 |
0.38 |
0.48 |
0.19 |
4 |
0.63 |
0.63 |
0.01 |
|||
UMNp147 |
7 |
0.80 |
0.81 |
0.01 |
4 |
0.08 |
0.51 |
0.85 |
3 |
0.13 |
0.23 |
0.45 |
|||
UMNp239 |
4 |
0.50 |
0.62 |
0.19 |
4 |
0.62 |
0.56 |
-0.10 |
4 |
0.75 |
0.68 |
-0.10 |
|||
UMNp296 |
7 |
0.80 |
0.81 |
0.01 |
3 |
0.69 |
0.61 |
-0.14 |
5 |
0.75 |
0.66 |
-0.14 |
|||
UMNp298 |
6 |
0.80 |
0.76 |
-0.05 |
3 |
0.23 |
0.21 |
-0.10 |
2 |
0.13 |
0.49 |
0.75 |
|||
UMNp351 |
5 |
0.40 |
0.76 |
0.47 |
5 |
0.62 |
0.49 |
-0.26 |
3 |
0.50 |
0.57 |
0.12 |
|||
UMNp358 |
7 |
0.60 |
0.81 |
0.25 |
4 |
0.31 |
0.33 |
0.08 |
2 |
0.50 |
0.38 |
-0.33 |
|||
UMNp362 |
2 |
0.30 |
0.38 |
0.20 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
N/A |
1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
N/A |
|||
UMNp381 |
2 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
-0.05 |
5 |
0.62 |
0.73 |
0.15 |
3 |
0.13 |
0.23 |
0.45 |
|||
UMNp405 |
3 |
0.40 |
0.34 |
-0.19 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
N/A |
2 |
0.13 |
0.12 |
-0.07 |
|||
UMNp442 |
3 |
0.30 |
0.27 |
-0.13 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
N/A |
2 |
0.00 |
0.22 |
1.00 |
|||
UMNp453 |
6 |
0.80 |
0.73 |
-0.10 |
2 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
-0.04 |
1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
N/A |
|||
UMNp480 |
5 |
0.80 |
0.60 |
-0.34 |
2 |
0.31 |
0.36 |
0.13 |
2 |
0.38 |
0.30 |
-0.23 |
|||
UMNp485 |
6 |
0.80 |
0.61 |
-0.32 |
3 |
0.38 |
0.52 |
0.26 |
3 |
0.88 |
0.54 |
-0.62 |
|||
UMNp489 |
4 |
0.56 |
0.52 |
-0.07 |
3 |
0.54 |
0.48 |
-0.13 |
5 |
0.86 |
0.65 |
-0.31 |
|||
UMNp494 |
4 |
0.50 |
0.59 |
0.15 |
4 |
0.62 |
0.48 |
-0.28 |
4 |
0.75 |
0.67 |
-0.12 |
|||
UMNp500 |
5 |
0.70 |
0.76 |
0.07 |
4 |
0.46 |
0.63 |
0.27 |
6 |
0.88 |
0.64 |
-0.37 |
|||
UMNp502 |
4 |
0.80 |
0.67 |
-0.20 |
5 |
0.31 |
0.34 |
0.09 |
5 |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.00 |
|||
UMNp509 |
5 |
0.70 |
0.67 |
-0.05 |
4 |
0.38 |
0.49 |
0.21 |
5 |
0.63 |
0.50 |
-0.25 |
|||
UMNp511 |
4 |
0.90 |
0.62 |
-0.46 |
4 |
0.77 |
0.67 |
-0.16 |
4 |
0.38 |
0.62 |
0.39 |
|||
UMNp539 |
8 |
0.70 |
0.82 |
0.14 |
3 |
0.46 |
0.41 |
-0.12 |
4 |
0.63 |
0.55 |
-0.13 |
|||
UMNp548 |
3 |
0.50 |
0.51 |
0.01 |
2 |
0.15 |
0.36 |
0.57 |
2 |
0.13 |
0.12 |
-0.07 |
|||
UMNp610 |
6 |
0.60 |
0.72 |
0.17 |
3 |
0.15 |
0.14 |
-0.06 |
4 |
0.38 |
0.41 |
0.09 |
|||
UMNp640 |
7 |
0.70 |
0.70 |
-0.01 |
3 |
0.69 |
0.54 |
-0.27 |
4 |
0.75 |
0.65 |
-0.16 |
AMOVA suggested strong genetic differentiation between the three populations (FST = 0.318, p < 0.001). Genetic differentiation is also well-supported by clear divisions among the three populations with PCoA (
All 32 loci selected from previous studies (
The highest number of alleles was observed in the pig population, which was expected because of human mediated translocations of domestic populations with high genetic diversity (
Seventeen of the 32 microsatellite loci distinguished hybridization between pigs and wild boar in this study and these can be used as robust markers, specifically for wild boar populations in Fukushima. These seventeen markers detected at least one of the 21 alleles that were only shared between Pop1 and Pop3 (bolded alleles in
Population(s) |
Putative allele origin |
Number of alleles (% of total alleles) |
---|---|---|
Pop1 (pig) |
Pig |
95 (41%) |
Pop2 (wild boar) |
Wild boar |
18 (8%) |
Pop3 (hybrid boar) |
Pig and/or wild boar |
16 (7%) |
Shared Pop1 and Pop2 |
Pig and/or wild boar |
10 (4%) |
Shared Pop1 and Pop3 |
Pig |
21 (9%) |
Shared Pop2 and Pop3 |
Wild boar |
34 (15%) |
Shared Pop1, Pop2, and Pop3 |
Pig and/or wild boar |
37 (16%) |
Total alleles |
231 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
102B |
0 |
0.15 |
0.69 |
|
124P |
0.25 |
0 |
0 |
|
106B |
0 |
0.77 |
0.19 |
|
126P |
0.75 |
0 |
0 |
|
108 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
132B |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
110P |
0.25 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.05 |
0 |
|
|
112 |
0.45 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
167B |
0 |
0.35 |
0 |
|
|
0.1 |
0 |
|
|
173 |
0.95 |
0.27 |
0.88 |
|
116P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
175B |
0 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
|
121 |
0 |
0 |
0.06 |
|
179B |
0 |
0.27 |
0 |
|
123P |
0.28 |
0 |
0 |
|
181B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
125 |
0.06 |
0.77 |
0.13 |
|
140 |
0 |
0 |
0.06 |
|
127B |
0 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
|
144 |
0.15 |
1 |
0.94 |
|
129 |
0.33 |
0.08 |
0.38 |
|
148P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
131 |
0.17 |
0.08 |
0.25 |
|
156P |
0.8 |
0 |
0 |
|
133P |
0.11 |
0 |
0 |
|
118 |
0 |
0 |
0.13 |
|
135P |
0.06 |
0 |
0 |
|
120 |
0.1 |
1 |
0.88 |
|
139 |
0 |
0 |
0.13 |
|
122P |
0.85 |
0 |
0 |
|
107P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
124P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
111P |
0.4 |
0 |
0 |
|
122 |
0.05 |
0.96 |
1 |
|
113P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
130P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
119B |
0 |
0.69 |
0.5 |
|
132P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
121P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
134P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
123P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
136 |
0.3 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
125 |
0.15 |
0.31 |
0.44 |
|
138P |
0.4 |
0 |
0 |
|
127 |
0 |
0 |
0.06 |
|
136P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
160 |
0 |
0.5 |
0.75 |
|
138B |
0 |
0.77 |
0.81 |
|
172P |
0.25 |
0 |
0 |
|
144P |
0.6 |
0 |
0 |
|
174 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.19 |
|
146 |
0.1 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
|
180P |
0.25 |
0 |
0 |
|
148P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.15 |
0 |
|
|
152P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
184P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
185B |
0 |
0.58 |
0.38 |
|
156P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
193B |
0 |
0.38 |
0.56 |
|
164P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
195B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
166P |
0.35 |
0 |
0 |
|
203P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
168 |
0.05 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
|
207P |
0.6 |
0 |
0 |
|
170 |
0.3 |
0.85 |
0.81 |
|
209P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
172 |
0.1 |
0.04 |
0.13 |
|
|
0.05 |
0 |
|
|
224B |
0 |
0.85 |
0.93 |
|
219P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
228 |
0.3 |
0.15 |
0.07 |
|
225P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
232P |
0.4 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.11 |
0 |
|
|
234P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.67 |
0 |
|
|
236P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
128 |
0.11 |
0.65 |
0.5 |
|
238P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
130 |
0.11 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
252P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
134 |
0 |
0 |
0.07 |
|
254 |
0.35 |
0.96 |
0.79 |
|
140B |
0 |
0.31 |
0.29 |
|
256 |
0.15 |
0.04 |
0.07 |
|
108P |
0.5 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.2 |
0 |
|
|
114 |
0 |
0 |
0.06 |
|
260P |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
126B |
0 |
0.15 |
0.31 |
|
262P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
128B |
0 |
0.12 |
0.19 |
|
230P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
130 |
0.4 |
0.69 |
0.44 |
|
232P |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
132P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
238 |
0 |
0 |
0.13 |
|
134P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
240B |
0 |
0.08 |
0 |
|
141B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
244B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
219P |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
|
250P |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
|
221P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
252B |
0 |
0.69 |
0.5 |
|
223 |
0.05 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
|
254P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.3 |
0 |
|
|
|
0.25 |
0 |
|
|
227B |
0 |
0.54 |
0.56 |
|
258P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
229 |
0 |
0 |
0.13 |
|
260B |
0 |
0.19 |
0.31 |
|
237B |
0 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
|
239P |
0.6 |
0 |
0 |
|
239B |
0 |
0.23 |
0.06 |
|
241P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
245P |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
243B |
0 |
0.42 |
0 |
|
156 |
0.2 |
0.81 |
0.69 |
|
245 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
158 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
|
247B |
0 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
|
160 |
0.45 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
|
251 |
0 |
0 |
0.19 |
|
162P |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
|
255B |
0 |
0.27 |
0.13 |
|
164 |
0 |
0 |
0.13 |
|
257 |
0.2 |
0.04 |
0.5 |
|
166B |
0 |
0.08 |
0.06 |
|
259P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
168B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
141P |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
|
133 |
0 |
0 |
0.06 |
|
147P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
141B |
0 |
0.08 |
0.13 |
|
148P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
143B |
0 |
0.12 |
0.69 |
|
149P |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
145B |
0 |
0.69 |
0.06 |
|
153B |
0 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
|
147P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
157P |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
151 |
0.4 |
0.12 |
0 |
|
159 |
0.05 |
0.23 |
0.88 |
|
|
0.4 |
0 |
|
|
163 |
0 |
0 |
0.06 |
|
155P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
165B |
0 |
0.65 |
0 |
|
157P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
167 |
0.1 |
0.08 |
0 |
|
98 |
0 |
0 |
0.13 |
|
90B |
0 |
0.54 |
0.31 |
|
102B |
0 |
0.46 |
0.56 |
|
92P |
0.35 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.35 |
0 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
0 |
|
|
108 |
0.1 |
0.12 |
0.19 |
|
96P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
110 |
0.5 |
0.31 |
0 |
|
|
0.05 |
0 |
|
|
112 |
0.05 |
0.12 |
0 |
|
104B |
0 |
0.38 |
0.44 |
|
159P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
106B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
161P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
108B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
165P |
0.25 |
0 |
0 |
|
147B |
0 |
0.15 |
0.06 |
|
167 |
0.05 |
0.23 |
0.19 |
|
|
0.1 |
0 |
|
|
169P |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
151P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
171 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
|
0.2 |
0 |
|
|
173 |
0.25 |
0.73 |
0.63 |
|
159P |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
|
175 |
0 |
0 |
0.13 |
|
161P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.1 |
0 |
|
|
167P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.65 |
0 |
|
|
171 |
0.05 |
0.35 |
0.44 |
|
170 |
0.25 |
0.23 |
0 |
|
177B |
0 |
0.5 |
0.38 |
|
176B |
0 |
0.77 |
0.94 |
|
153 |
0.25 |
0.88 |
0.56 |
|
178P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
155 |
0.2 |
0.08 |
0.44 |
|
|
0.45 |
0 |
|
|
167 |
0.35 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
164 |
0.2 |
0.92 |
0.75 |
|
169P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
166B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
185P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
170B |
0 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
|
191P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.15 |
0 |
|
|
130P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
178P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
136P |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
|
180P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
140 |
0.3 |
0.15 |
0.56 |
|
186P |
0.1 |
0 |
0 |
|
142 |
0.2 |
0.08 |
0 |
|
113P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
0.1 |
0 |
|
|
117 |
0.45 |
0.23 |
0.38 |
|
156B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
119 |
0 |
0 |
0.06 |
|
162B |
0 |
0.69 |
0.31 |
|
121P |
0.3 |
0 |
0 |
|
166B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
127 |
0.05 |
0.62 |
0.44 |
|
154 |
0.05 |
0.81 |
0.75 |
|
|
0.05 |
0 |
|
|
158 |
0.25 |
0.08 |
0.25 |
|
135P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
160P |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
137P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
164P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
139B |
0 |
0.15 |
0 |
|
166B |
0 |
0.08 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
168B |
0 |
0.04 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
169P |
0.05 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
170P |
0.15 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
172P |
0.25 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
The loci identified in this study (
Studies have been published to determine wild boar and pig hybridization hotspots, recent occurrences, and genetic impacts using variable genetic markers, such as mtDNA sequence (
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
DA and SK contributed to the writing, drafting, and execution of the manuscript. DA, YN and SK, contributed to data analysis and interpertation. All authors contributed to study design, revision, and approval of the submitted manuscript. All authors declare that the submitted work is their own and that copyright has not been breached in seeking its publication. Additionally, the submitted work has not been previously published and is not being considered elsewhere.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Thanks to Dr Hiroko Ishiniwa and Dr Kei Okuda for support with sampling. Additionally, we are thankful to all prefectural hunters for their support in obtaining samples. Funding for this study was partially provided by the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation.