Biodiversity assessment of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) accessions from Savanna and Forest zones of Nigeria as revealed by seed storage proteins and RAPD markers

Main Article Content

Pamela Eloho Akin-Idowu
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4767-370X
Ayodeji O. Aduloju
Omolara I. Akinyoola
Dorcas Olubunmi Ibitoye
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-5723
Uterdzua Orkpeh
Usifo G. Adebo
Yemisi O. Olagunju

Abstract

Understanding the level and distribution of genetic diversity in African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) would strengthen breeding and conservation programmes towards domestication and sustainable use of this species. Sixteen accessions of P. globosa were assessed for variability based on seed morphology, seed protein and DNA profiling. Significant variation in seed characteristics were observed across locations. Seed protein profiling by SDS-PAGE revealed homogeneity as most bands were found common in all accessions, indicating that the protein profiles are highly conserved. Protein profiling separated the 16 accessions into four major clusters at 0.93 similarity coefficient. Most accessions grouping into Cluster 1 had a similarity coefficient of close to 100% and were from the Derived Savanna suggesting the presence of duplicates. Accessions NH/2016/P14, NH/2016/P03 and NH/2016/P04 grouped into clusters II, III and IV; respectively. Sixteen RAPD markers generated a total of 256 bands of which 63.67% were polymorphic. Gene diversity ranged from 0.41 to 0.93 and Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) from 0.39 to 0.93. The RAPD-based dendrogram separated accessions into six groups at 0.68 similarity coefficient. Based on a polymorphic seed storage protein marker a genetically distinct accession NH/2016/P04 could be exploited for breeding purposes. The homogeneity of alleles and narrow genetic base as revealed by RAPD and SDS-PAGE analyses suggests possible loss of intraspecific genetic diversity. Thus, intensification of germplasm collections across the different agroecological zones and characterization using specific markers will give a better understanding of diversity of P. biglobosa in order to enhance selection towards conservation, breeding and sustainable utilization.

Article Details

How to Cite
Akin-Idowu, P. E., Aduloju, A. O. ., Akinyoola, O. I. ., Ibitoye, D. O., Orkpeh, U. ., Adebo, U. G. . . and Olagunju, Y. O. . (2021) “Biodiversity assessment of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) accessions from Savanna and Forest zones of Nigeria as revealed by seed storage proteins and RAPD markers”, Genetic Resources, 2(3), pp. 36–50. doi: 10.46265/genresj.OBVW6791.
Section
Original Articles
Author Biography

Usifo G. Adebo, Biotechnology Unit, National Horticultural Research Institute, PMB 5432, Ibadan

School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

References

Abedian, Masoud et al. (2012). “Genetic diversity and population structure of mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) using SRAP markers”. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 40, pp. 112–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.10.005.

Adesoye, A I, C O Ogunremi, and O O Aina (2013). “Genetic variation and heritability of seedling traits in Africa locust bean Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don.” Legume Research 36, pp. 976–0571.

Adesoye, Adenubi I. and Kayode A. Apo (2015). “Evaluating genetic biodiversity of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex Don (African locust bean) accessions from Nigeria using seed protein electrophoresis”. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 18(3), pp. 171–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-014-0119-9.

Akin-Idowu, P. E. et al. (2018). “Characterization of the seed proteins of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), African breadfruit (Treculia africana) and soybean (Glycine max)”. Acta Horticulturae 1225(1225), pp. 419–426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2018.1225.59.

Alabi, D A, O R Akinsulire, and M A Sanyaolu (2005). “Qualitative determination of chemical and nutritional composition of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.” Afri J Biotechnology 4(8), pp. 812–815.

Alghamdi, Salem S. et al. (2019). “Biochemical and molecular characterization of cowpea landraces using seed storage proteins and SRAP marker patterns”. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26(1), pp. 74–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.09.004.

Amusa, Oluwafemi et al. (2014). “Genetic Diversity of Parkia biglobosa from Different Agroecological Zones of Nigeria Using RAPD Markers”. International Journal of Biodiversity 2014, pp. 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/457309.

Awodoyin, Rasheed Olufemi et al. (2015). “Indigenous Fruit Trees of Tropical Africa: Status, Opportunity for Development and Biodiversity Management”. Agricultural Sciences 06(01), pp. 31–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2015.61004.

Badr, A (2008). “Molecular approaches in plant systematics and evolution”. Taeckholmia 28, pp. 127–167.

Badr, Abdelfattah et al. (2012). “Genetic diversity of Artemisia populations in central and north Saudi Arabia based on morphological variation and RAPD polymorphism”. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298(5), pp. 871–886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0597-5.

Barakat, H (2004). “Genetic Fingerprinting and Relationships of Six Soybeans (Glycine max L.) Cultivars Based on Protein and DNA Polymorphism”. Int. J. Agri. Biol 6(5), pp. 877–883.

Baránek, M et al. (2002). “Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in 19 Glycine max (L.) Merr. accessions included in the Czech National Collection of Soybean Genotypes”. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 38(2), pp. 69–69. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17221/6114-CJGPB.

Boffa, J M (1999). Agroforestry parklands in sub-Saharan Africa. Vol. 34. Rome: FAO, pp. 1–230. URL: http://www.fao.org/3/x3940e/X3940E00.htm.

Chowdhury, A K et al. (2001). “Genetic diversity based on morphology and RAPD analysis in vegetable soybean”. Korea J. Crop Sci 46(2), pp. 112–120.

Coelho, C M M et al. (2007). “Effect of phytate and storage conditions on the development of the ‘hard-to-cook’ phenomenon in common beans”. J Sci Food Agric 87(7), pp. 1237–1243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2822.

Dedehou, V et al. (2016). “A review on medicinal plants of Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae-Fabaceae) and Pterocarpus erinaceus (Leguminosae-Papilionoidea)”. J. Med. Plants Stud. 4, pp. 132–137.

Dellaporta, Stephen L., Jonathan Wood, and James B. Hicks (1983). “A plant DNA minipreparation: Version II”. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 1(4), pp. 19–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02712670.

Dobes, C et al. (2019). “Relative genome size variation in the African agroforestry tree Parkia biglobosa (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) and its relation to geography, population genetics, and morphology”. Genome 62(10), pp. 665–676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0069.

Durán, L. A. et al. (2005). “Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Common Bean Landraces and Cultivars from the Caribbean”. Crop Science 45(4), pp. 1320–1328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0501.

Emre, I (2009). “Electrophoretic analysis of some Lathyrus L. species based on seed storage proteins”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56(1), pp. 31–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-008-9339-5.

Ferreira, E M (2006). “Molecular analysis of gene banks for sustainable conservation and increased use of crop genetic resources”. In: The role of biotechnology in exploring and protecting agricultural genetic resources. Ed. by Ruane J. and Sonnino A. Rome, Italy: FAO, pp. 121–128. URL: http://www.fao.org/3/a0399e/A0399E08.htm#ch3.5.

Gbadamosi, A E, O O Faboye, and O O Oni (2005). “Seed morphological traits, germination and early seedling growth of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex G. Don. from four provenances in Nigeria”. Nigerian Journal of Forestry 35, pp. 129–137.

Hameed, A et al. (2012). “Comparative seed storage protein profiling of Mungbean genotypes”. Pakistan Journal of Botany 44(6), pp. 1993–1999.

Hamrick, J L and M J W Godt (1989). “Allozyme diversity in plants”. In: Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Genetic Resources. Ed. by D. A. H. Brown et al. Sunderland, Mass, USA: Sinauer, pp. 43–63.

Hopkins, B (1983). “The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar”. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87(2), pp. 135–167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00987.x.

Hoque, M. E. and M. M. Hasan (2012). “Molecular Diversity Analysis of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) through RAPD Markers”. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 22(1), pp. 51–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ptcb.v22i1.11260.

Houndonougbo, J. S. H. et al. (2020). “A global systematic review on conservation nd domestication of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, an indigenous fruit tree species in Sub-Sahara African traditional parklands: current knowledge and future directions”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 67(4), pp. 1051–1066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00892-w.

Jaccard, P (1908). “Nouvelles researches sur la distribution florale”. Bulletin de la Societe vaudoise des sciences naturelles 44, pp. 223–270.

Javaid, A, A Ghafoor, and R Anwar (2004). “Seed storage protein electrophoresis in groundnut for evaluating genetic diversity”. Pakistan Journal of Botany 36(1), pp. 25–29.

El-Kholy, A S (2013). “Evaluation of genetic variation among Soybean (Glycine max L.) Cultivars using SDS-PAGE and RAPD Markers”. In: Egyptian Journal of Botany 3rd International Conference. Ed. by and others, pp. 33–48.

Krochko, Joan E. and J. Derek Bewley (2000). “Seed storage proteins in cultivars and subspecies of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)” Seed Science Research 10(4), pp. 423–434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500000477.

Kwon-Ndung, Emmanuel Hala et al. (2009). “Ecological implications of climate change on the genetic diversity and distribution of African locust bean Parkia biglobosa in Central Nigeria”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6(37), pp. 372026–372026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/37/372026.

Laemmli, U. K. (1970). “Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4”. Nature 227(5259), pp. 680–685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0.

Lamien, N et al. (2011). African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa). Conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources of priority food tree species in sub-Saharan Africa. Rome. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10532/1681.

Lassen, K M (2016). Pollination strategies to increase productivity of the African fruit trees Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. paradoxa & Parkia biglobosa. Denmark. URL: http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11720.78082.

Lassen, Kristin Marie et al. (2012). “Bats and bees are pollinating Parkia biglobosa in The Gambia”. Agroforestry Systems 85(3), pp. 465–475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9409-0.

Leakey, R R (2012). Living with the trees of life: towards the transformation of tropical agriculture. Wallingford, UK: CABI.

Leakey, R R B (2017). “Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the 2nd Decade (2003-2012)”. In: Multifunctional Agriculture. Achieving Sustainable Development in Africa, pp. 139–153.

Lin, K H et al. (2009). “Genetic variation and its relationship to root weight in the sweet potato as revealed by RAPD analysis”. Scientia Horticulturae 120(1), pp. 2–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.09.008.

Lompo, Djingdia et al. (2018). “Phylogeography of African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Reveals Genetic Divergence and Spatially Structured Populations in West and Central Africa”. Journal of Heredity 109(7), pp. 811–824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esy047.

Lompo, D et al. (2016). “Genetic diversity of Parkia biglobosa (African locust bean) and its implications for conservation strategies.” In: Tropentag 2016: Solidarity in a competing world — fair use of resources, 18-21 Sep 2016, Vienna, Austria. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/78095.

Lompo, D. et al. (2017). “Genetic conservation in Parkia biglobosa (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) - what do we know?” Silvae Genetica 66(1), pp. 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sg-2017-0001.

Machuka, Jesse (2001). “Heterogeneity in the seed globulin and albumin fractions from African yam bean Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hoechst. Ex A. Rich) harms”. African Crop Science Journal 9(4), pp. 607–613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v9i4.27583.

Malik, M F A et al. (2009). “Evaluation of genetic diversity in soybean (Glycine max) lines using seed protein electrophoresis”. Australian Journal of Crop Science 3(2), pp. 107–112.

Matig, O Eyog, O G Gaoué, and B Dossou (2002). “Réseau «Espèces Ligneuses Alimentaires»”. In: Compterendu de la première réunion du Réseau tenue 11-13 décembre 2000 au CNSF, pp. 235–235.

Mendoza, Evelyn Mae Tecson et al. (2001). “Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Globulins: Purification and Characterization”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(3), pp. 1552–1558. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf001041h.

Mondini, Linda, Arshiya Noorani, and Mario Pagnotta (2009). “Assessing Plant Genetic Diversity by Molecular Tools”. Diversity 1(1), pp. 19–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d1010019.

Murray, B. G. (2005). “When does Intraspecific C-value Variation become Taxonomically Significant?” Annals of Botany 95(1), pp. 119–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci007.

Mustafa, A M A and A S El-Kholy (2008). “Genetic diversity among some accessions of Vicia faba L. around the world”. In: Proceedings of 5th International Conference of Biological Science (Botany) 5, pp. 10–10.

Narzary, Diganta et al. (2009). “Analysis of genetic diversity among wild pomegranates in Western Himalayas, using PCR methods”. Scientia Horticulturae 121(2), pp. 237–242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.01.035.

Nei, M (1987). Molecular evolutionary genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.

Nei, M. and W. H. Li (1979). “Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76(10), pp. 5269–5273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.10.5269.

Nikiema, A (2005). Agroforestry parkland species diversity: uses and management in semi-arid West Africa (Burkina Faso). Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Nyadanu, D. et al. (2017). “Ethnobotany and analysis of food components of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.) in the transitional zone of Ghana: implications for domestication, conservation and breeding of improved varieties”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64(6), pp. 1231–1240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0432-x.

Odeigah, P. G. C. and A. O. Osanyinpeju (1996). “Seed protein electrophoretic characterization of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) germplasm from IITA gene bank”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 43(6), pp. 485–491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00138825.

Okoye, T G et al. (2014). “Safe African Medicinal Plants for Clinical Studies”. In: Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, pp. 535–555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00018-2.

Okunlola, A I, R A Adebayo, and A D Orimogunje (2011). “Methods of breaking seed dormancy in germination and early seedling growth of African locust bean Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.” Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 3(1), pp. 1–6.

Oni, P I, J B Hall, and D O Ladipo (1998). “The ecology of a key African multipurpose tree species, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth: the current state of knowledge”. Nigerian Journal of Ecology 1, pp. 59–77.

Orwa, C et al. (2010). Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. CD-ROM. Nairobi, Kenya. URL: http://outputs.worldagroforestry.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=37111.

Osanyinpeju, A. O. and P. G. C. Odeigah (1998). “Variation in seed proteins from mutagen-treated cultivars and selected lines of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp”. Plant Breeding 117(4), pp. 361–365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01954.x.

Ouedraogo, A S (1995). Parkia biglobosa (Leguminosae) en Afrique de l’Ouest : biosystematique et amelioration. (in French). Wageningen, Netherlands. URL: https://edepot.wur.nl/207076.

Padakale, Essotèbèmime et al. (2015). “Woody Species Diversity and Structure of Parkia biglobosa Jacq. Dong Parklands in the Sudanian Zone of Togo (West Africa)”. Annual Research & Review in Biology 6(2), pp. 103–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2015/14105.

Prasanthi, L et al. (2012). “Evaluation of genetic diversity in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp genotypes using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)”. Current Biotica 6(1), pp. 22–31.

Przybylska, J, Z Zimniak-Przybylska, and P Krajewski (2000). “Diversity of seed globulins in Lathyrus sativus L and some related species”. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 47(3), pp. 239–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008750423357.

Ræbild, A, U B Hansen, and S Kambou (2012). “Regeneration of Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa in a Parkland in Southern Burkina Faso”. Agroforestry Systems 85, pp. 443–453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9397-0.

Ræbild, A., U. B. Hansen, and S. Kambou (2012). “Regeneration of Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa in a parkland in Southern Burkina Faso”. Agroforestry Systems 85(3), pp. 443–453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-011-9397-0.

Rao, R and J C Pernolett (1981). “Pisum sativum seed globulin as biochemical markers for wrinkled smooth seed character: comparison of genotypes through different protein extraction and electrophoretic procedures”. Agronomie 1(10), pp. 909–916.

Rohlf, F J (2002). NTSYS-PC Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system.

Rosa, Ana P. Barba de la et al. (1992). “Fractionation procedures, electrophoretic characterization, and amino acid composition of amaranth seed proteins”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40(6), pp. 931–936. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00018a002.

Rosa, Lucía De la and Juan M. González (2010). “The genetic diversity associated with seed proteins in a collection of Spanish underground vetches (Vicia sativa L. subsp. amphicarpa (Dorthes) Asch. et Graebn.)” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 57(4), pp. 565–573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9494-3.

Sammour, R H, A Mustafa, et al. (2007). “Genetic variations in accessions of Lathyrus sativus”. L. Acta Botanical Croatica 66(1), pp. 1–13.

Sammour, R H, S A Radwan, and A El-Kholy (2007). “Genetic variability in Phaseolus spp. as revealed by SDS-PAGE Markers”. Seed technology 29(1), pp. 50–59.

Sankhon, A et al. (2014). “Comparison Of Physicochemical And Functional Properties Of Flour And Starch Extract In Different Methods From Africa Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Seeds”. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 11(2), pp. 264–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i2.6.

Shao, M (2002). Parkia biglobosa: Changes in resource allocation in Kandiga, Ghana. Houghton, MI, USA.

Signor, C. Le et al. (2005). “Genetic diversity for seed protein composition in Medicago truncatula”. Plant Genetic Resources 3(1), pp. 59–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/pgr200562.

Sina, S (2006). Reproduction et diversite genetique chez Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) G. Don. Wageningen, the Netherlands. URL: https://edepot.wur.nl/121771.

Sina, S and S A Traore (2002). “Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don.” In: PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale). Ed. by L. P. A. Oyen and R. H. M. J. Lemmens. Wageningen, Netherlands. URL: http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Parkia_biglobosa_(PROTA).

Stevens, Laci, Björn Salomon, and Genlou Sun (2007). “Microsatellite variability and heterozygote excess in Elymus trachycaulus populations from British Columbia in Canada”. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35(11), pp. 725–736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2007.05.017.

Strelec, I, E Has-Schon, and L Vitale (2012). “Comparative electrophoretic patterns of albumins/globulins from dry grains and green malts of barley varieties”. Poljoprivreda 18(2), pp. 36–43. URL: https://hrcak.srce.hr/94628.

Tamboli, Asif Shabodin et al. (2016). “Phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity and relationships between the recently segregated species of Corynandra and Cleoserrata from the genus Cleome using DNA barcoding and molecular markers”. Comptes Rendus Biologies 339(3-4), pp. 123–132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2016.02.005.

Tang, C H and X Sun (2010). “Physicochemical and Structural Properties of 8S and/or 11S Globulins from Mungbean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek] with various polypeptide constituents”. J. Agric. Food Chem 58(10), pp. 6395–6402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf904254f.

Teklehaimanot, Z (2004). “Exploiting the potential of indigenous agro forestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in Sub-Sahara Africa”. In: New Vistas in Agroforestry. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, pp. 207–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2424-1_15.

Uyoh, E A et al. (2011). “Flow cytometry analysis of nuclear DNA content, mitotic chromosome number and protein separation by SDS-PAGE in three accessions of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa Benth.)” Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 14(4), pp. 227–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-011-0043-1.

Wang, A et al. (2016). “Genetic structure and diversity of Glehnia littoralis, an endangered medicinal plant in China”. Biochem Syst Ecol 66, pp. 265–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2016.04.019.

Xaxars, Gemma Mas de et al. (2016). “Impact of dysploidy and polyploidy on the diversification of high mountain Artemisia (Asteraceae) and allies”. Alpine Botany 126(1), pp. 35–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-015-0159-x.

Zarkadas, Constantinos G. et al. (2007). “Assessment of the protein quality of fourteen soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars using amino acid analysis and two-dimensional electrophoresis”. Food Research International 40(1), pp. 129–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2006.08.006.